Health is a direct source of human welfare and also an instrument for raising income levels. The authors discuss a number of mechanisms through which health can affect income, focusing on worker ...

With nearly 420 million children reached worldwide, school meals are among the largest-scale social protection interventions. This paper traces the evolution of school meals programs globally, ...

Global income inequality captures income differences among all individuals around the world. Global inequality around the world increased from 1820 to 1990 as incomes in richer countries grew faster ...

Pakistan’s fertilizer sector makes a significant contribution to the country’s economy, accounting for approximately 4.4 percent of large-scale manufacturing output and 1 percent of the gross domestic ...

Buildings in Pakistan account for over 43.7 percent of the country’s total energy use and represent a significant opportunity for energy efficiency and conservation. The high energy consumption in ...

Central Asia and Kazakhstan face severe climate challenges from land degradation and desertification, fueled by sand and dust storms, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss. The Greenway to Konaev Pilot ...

As Pakistan pursues its climate commitments, carbon pricing offers a market-based tool to align economic incentives with environmental goals. This note examines Pakistan's carbon emission profile, ...

Cement is an important large-scale manufacturing industry that contributes nearly 1 percent to Pakistan’s gross domestic product (GDP) annually and accounts for an estimated 25 percent of all ...

Since 1991 and the collapse of the Siad Barre regime, Somalia has experienced cycles of conflict and fragility that ...

Somalia’s accession to the East African Community (EAC) presents a transformative opportunity to accelerate its economic ...